2.礼仪的第二大类是社交礼仪。社交礼仪，顾名思义，就是指现代人际交往中流行的各种礼仪，如服务礼仪，商务礼仪，学校礼仪，职场工作礼仪等，它概括了在现代社交场合中各种礼仪行为。社交礼仪是指人们在人际交往过程中所具备的基本素质，交际能力等。社交在当今社会人际交往中发挥的作用愈显重要。通过社交，人们可以沟通心灵，建立深厚友谊，取得支持与帮助；通过社交，人们可以互通信息，共享资源，对取得事业成功大有获益。社交礼仪是指在人际交往和国际交往活动中，用于表示尊重、亲善和友好的首选行为规范和惯用形式。这一定义包含了以下几层意思：第一，社交礼仪是一种道德行为规范。规范就是规矩、章法、条条框框，也就是说社交礼仪是对人的行为进行约束的条条框框，告诉你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老师办公室办事，进门前要先敲门，若不敲门就直接闯进去是失礼的。社交礼仪比起法律、纪律，其约束力要弱得多，违反社交礼仪规范，只能让别人产生厌恶[2]，别人不能对你进行制裁，为此，社交礼仪的约束要靠道德修养的自律。 第二，社交礼仪的直接目的是表示对他人的尊重。尊重是社交礼仪的本质。人都有被尊重的高级精神需要，当在社会交往活动过程中，按照社交礼仪的要求去做，就会使人获得尊重的满足，从而获得愉悦，由此达到人与人之间关系的和谐。 第三，社交礼仪的根本目的是为了维护社会正常的生活秩序。没有它，社会正常的生活秩序就会遭到破坏，在这方面，它和法律、纪律共同起作用，也正是因为这一目的，无论是资本主义社会还是社会主义社会都非常重视社交礼仪规范建设。 第四，社交礼仪要求在人际交往、社会交往活动中遵守。这是它的范围，超出这个范围，社交礼仪规范就不一定适用了

　　二、礼仪对未来职业生涯的影响分析

　　商务礼仪能展示企业的文明程度、管理风格和道德水准，塑造企业形象。良好的企业形象是企业的无形资产，无疑可以为企业带来直接的经济效益。一个人讲究礼仪，就会在众人面前树立良好的个人形象；一个组织的成员讲究礼仪，就会为自己的组织树立良好的形象，赢得公众的赞誉。现代市场竞争除了产品竞争外，更体现在形象竞争。一个良好信誉和形象的公司或企业，就容易获得社会各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市场竞争中处于不败之地。

英语论文开题报告8

　　Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction

　　The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

　　Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science、From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence、Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

　　DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective、Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community、Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

　　My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation、The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

　　The method of DTS is basically descriptive、The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned、Translation phenomena are noted down、With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice、I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

　　A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS、"Norm" is operative at every stage of description and explanation、Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies、Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

　　The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions、Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.